Palestine israeli conflict for international relations class Research Paper

Palestine israeli clash for universal relations class - Research Paper Example The regular thing in the two points of view of the Israeli and Palestinian clash is that the principle reason is on the issue of land and there are not kidding results that go with the contention. There has been loss of land, loss of lives and migration of the individuals from their tribal grounds so as to acquire wellbeing in different nations. The examination on worldwide relations identify with the Palestinian Israeli clash. The examination paper looks at the contention from a Palestinian viewpoint. The examination will lead an investigation of the reason for the contention, which establish the components that prompted the beginning of the battle. The historical backdrop of the contention helps in understanding the causes, impacts, intercessions, and eventual fate of the contention. The two gatherings could simply have effectively settled their contentions genially, however this has not been the situation. The two regions have seen the requirement for proceeding to battle a war that began path before they existed. The assistance from outside gatherings in attempting to referee the contention have additionally driven the nations into further and increasingly genuine proportions of managing the contention. There are a few effects that have come about because of the contention. Israel, for instance, has become an exceptional ly mobilized nation, with each sex from the high school years turning out to be full officers. It is a transitional experience for the youngsters to become warriors when they arrive at a particular age. For the Palestinians, the persecution they have endured on account of the Israelis has caused them to have a ton of despise and doubt for the Israelites. The Palestinians likewise don't have trust in the outside gatherings who have had a past filled with preferring the Israelites over them when it went to the contention. The Palestinians further fault outside powers for intensely adding to the battle. From the Palestinian point of view, the Palestinians are the wronged party, and they would not yield to the Israelites. They need vengeance and

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Assignment Example Henceforth, the fulfillment of the previously mentioned levels prompts individuals to try to meet the unpredictable needs. As a result, the mental needs incorporates sharing of having a place, love, and love with loved ones. The fourth level involves confidence in which individuals endeavor to pick up endorsement, just as acknowledgment. Individuals accomplish confidence when they are alright with their accomplishments. Self-realization speaks to the last level in Maslow’s chain of importance of requirements. In this level, individuals center around building their picture in the wake of achieving set objectives. Generally, the Maslow’s order of requirements is a significant in investigating employees’ inspiration. The Maslow’s progression of necessities is significant in improving the administration of the data innovation staff. The supervisory group ought to apply the Maslow’s pecking order of requirements in comprehension the personnel’s inspiration, just as necessities so as to make the condition that spurs workers. Disselkamp (2013) fights that cash is a genuine inspiring variable in fulfilling the security and physiological needs of the laborers. In this regard, cash assumes a noteworthy job in fulfilling the essential human needs. Thus, cash fulfills the social needs of the workers, and is perceived as the premise of the status, force, and regard. Accordingly, the board can utilize money related impetuses to keep the degree of inspiration among data innovation work force high. Correspondingly, the administration of the data innovation work force should try to extend employment opportunity security. Lauby (2005) sees that workers will in general be stressed over appro aching lay-offs if employer stability doesn't exist. Consequently, the directors should keep the degrees of inspiration among representatives high through giving them employer stability. The chiefs should utilize Maslow pecking order of necessities to set up medicinal services protection benefits, incidental advantages, annuity plans, retirement plans, and employer stability.

Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience

Milgrams Experiments and the Perils of Obedience What would your reaction be if an authority figure ordered you to do something that was morally or legally wrong? Would you go through with it? For instance, if a policeman asked you to do something that was akin to covering up a crime, would you do it? Many of us might claim that they wouldn’t do it, but science has a contrary opinion.Obedience to authority is a fundamental element in the structure of society. Without some form of authority, society would most likely end up in anarchy. Since birth, we are taught that we should obey authority, and threatened with punishment should we disobey. Many childhood stories and parental lessons constantly emphasize on this.Our experiences since childhood also reaffirm the importance of obedience. For instance, a parent might ask a child not to touch a hot cooking pot. The child disobeys the parent and touches the pot, only to end up burning his finger.Through such experiences, the child learns that obeying his parents is paramount for his s afety and wellbeing.As we grow older, we learn to trust and obey people in positions of authority even more. In school, we are taught to obey our teachers since we believe they know what is good and bad for us. The same happens once we get to work, where we have to obey our bosses and others in positions of power. The same happens in other areas of life.We learn to trust and obey doctors because they are more knowledgeable than us in matters health. We trust and obey our lawyers in legal matters because they are an authority in that particular field.Sometimes, our inclination to obey authority can lead us to commit actions that might be essentially wrong, provided we are submitting to authority when doing so.A good example of such a situation is the story of Abraham from the Bible. Abraham was ready to kill his only son and offer him as a burnt sacrifice simply because God had asked him to do it. What would you if you were in the same position? Would you do it? Is this something tha t can actually happen in real life?To answer this question, let us take a look at Milgram’s experiments. MILGRAM’S SHOCKING EXPERIMENTSThe experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram from 1961 have become some of the most famous studies in the field of psychology and obedience. The experiments began shortly after the start of the trial of Adolf Eichmann, A German Nazi war criminal.During the trial, Eichmann’s defense was that he was not responsible for the millions of deaths during the holocaust. Eichmann argued that he was only guilty of having been obedient. Eichmann’s defense caught the interest of Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University who was also a Jew and whose family had been affected by the Holocaust.Influenced by Eichmann’s argument, Milgram decided to conduct an experiment focusing on the conflict between personal conscience and obedience to authority. The experiments’ results led to a major finding in psychology: very often, a man’s actions are not defined by the kind of person he is, but rather by the situation in which he finds himself.The aim of Milgram’s experiment was to find out how far people would go in obeying instructions from a seemingly authoritative person if the instructions involved causing bodily harm to another person.For the experiment, Milgram recruited random volunteers by placing calls for volunteers in newspaper ads and paid them $4.50 for their participation in the experiment. Each session of the experiment involved three parties: the experimenter, the teacher and the learner.The experiment was disguised as a study on the effect of punishment and learning. The teacher was the volunteer, who was led to believe that he would be assisting the experimenter to conduct the experiment. In real sense, the teacher was the subject of the experiment. The learner, on the other hand, was an actor and a confederate of the experimenter. However, the learner also pretended to be a volunteer.Before the start of the ex periment, the teacher and the learner arrived together and were introduced to each other. It was clarified to both of them that they would both earn the $4.50 regardless of the outcome of the experiment.To keep up the appearance that both were volunteers, they drew slips to determine who would play the role of the teacher or learner.Unbeknownst to the teacher (subject), both slips read “teacher”. The actor would then claim to have picked the “learner” slip, which meant that the subject would always play the role of the teacher. Once the roles were picked, both the teacher and the learner were guided to a room where the learner was strapped to what seemed to be an electric chair, complete with electrodes.Before starting the experiment, a sample electric shock was administered to the teacher to give him an idea of what the learner would be supposedly going through during the experiment. The teacher was then taken to an adjacent room which had an intimidating shock generator th at the teacher would use to administer punishment (electric shocks) to the learner.The shock generator was equipped with switches denoting the amount of electric shock the learner would be receiving, with each switch being 15 volts higher than the previous one. The highest level of electric shock was the 450 volts switch.Next to the switches were labels indicating the intensity of the electric shock, starting from ‘slight shock’ to “Danger: severe shock”. The last two switches with the highest level of electric shock were marked with an ambiguous “XXX”.Once the experiment got underway, the teacher was presented with a list of word pairs that he was supposed to teach the learner. The teacher first read the list of words with their corresponding words to the learner, and then moved on to simply reading a word and presenting four possible corresponding words.The learner gave his answer by pressing a button. For every wrong answer, the teacher was required to deliver shocks to the learner, with 15 volt increments after every wrong answer. The learners answers were mostly wrong (this was done on purpose), and the teacher delivered an increasing electric shock for each wrong answer.Unknown to the teacher, the shock generator was not sending out any actual shocks. Instead, the learner only pretended to be receiving the shocks.As the experiment progressed and the voltage of the ‘electric shocks’ increased, the learner started making audible pleas to be released from the electric chair. At some point, the learner even complained that he had a heart condition that would be aggravated by the severity of the electric shocks.As the electric shocks reached the 300 volt mark, the learner started banging repeatedly on the wall begging for the experiment to stop. As the shocks moved towards the highest voltage, the learner simply went silent, refusing to answer any more questions. At this point, the teacher was asked to take the silence for a wrong answer and i ncrease the intensity of the shock.At some point, most participants (teachers) grew worried about the learner and grew hesitant about delivering the shocks. Whenever the subjects grew hesitant, the experimenter would urge them to go on with a series of the following commands:“Please continue.”“The experiment requires that you continue.”“It is absolutely essential that you continue.”“You have no other choice; you must go on.”The commands were used progressively every time the teacher voiced their objection about going on with the experiment.What would you do if you were the teacher?Would you go on to administer shock levels that were marked as extremely dangerous, even when the learner had complained of having a bad heart?HOW FAR CAN PEOPLE GO IN OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY?For Milgram, the measure of obedience was determined by the highest level of shock the subjects were willing to administer on the learners. Would the subjects deliver the maximum 450 volts of electric s hock?Before starting the experiment, this question was posed to a group of students from Yale University. The students predicted that only 3% or less of the participants would go ahead to deliver the maximum 450 volts.The students believed only a psychopath would deliver the maximum level of shock. Milgram’s colleagues also believed that only a few subjects would go past the “very strong” level of shock.Milgram also posed the question to 40 psychiatrists, and they all agreed that most subjects would stop the experiment once the learner started demanding to be freed. The results, however, were very different.All the 40 subjects who participated in the study obeyed the instructions of the experimenter and delivered the electric shocks up to 300 volts. 26 of the 40 participants went ahead to deliver the maximum 450 volts. That is a whopping 65% of the participants, compared to the 3% that was predicted before the experiment.Many of the subjects displayed signs of tension during t he experiment, which shows that delivering the shocks went against their personal conscience. Still, they obeyed the experimenter’s instructions all the way to the end.CONCLUSIONS FROM MILGRAM’S EXPERIMENTFollowing his experiments, Milgram came to the conclusion that in doing their jobs, ordinary people who do not have any malicious intent can become part of a terrible, destructive process.Milgram also noted that, even when it was patently clear that what they were doing led to destructive results, and that their actions went against the fundamental standards of morality, only a few people have what it takes to resist authority.According to Milgram, the subjects went ahead to perform the seemingly sadistic act, not because of their personalities, but because of the situation in which they found themselves. Milgram claimed that their high levels of obedience could have been brought about by factors such as:An authority figure (the experimenter) was physically present during the e xperiment. In some variations of the experiment, the experimenter left the room and left an ordinary member of the public (a confederate in ordinary clothing) in charge of the experiment. When the experimenter was not physically present in the room, the compliance levels dropped to 20%.The fact that the study was sponsored by and conducted at Yale University (an authoritative and trusted academic institution). In variations where the experiment was conducted in a set of run down offices rather than the university, compliance levels dropped to 47.5%.The subjects assumed that the experimenter was an expert.The experimenter assured the subjects that he would take responsibility in case anything happened to the learner during the experiment.The subjects were reassured that the shocks were only painful, but not dangerous to the health or wellbeing of the learner.Milgram’s experiments have received a lot of criticism due to the ethical nature  of his experiments, mostly due to the use of deception in the experiment and the use of human subjects. However, the experiments and their findings have become a psychology classic, showing the dangers of obedience.The experiment demonstrated that situational factors have a stronger influence on obedience than personality. Milgram’s experiments have been replicated severally with consistent results.In 2009, Santa Clara University professor Jerry M. Burger replicated Milgram’s experiments and found out that people would still go ahead and deliver what they believed to be painful electric shocks to a stranger when urged by an authoritative figure.In Burger’s experiment, the obedience levels were only slightly lower than those in Milgram’s original experiment from nearly 50 years earlier. A similar experiment was replicated in Poland with similarly shocking results. Authority is also listed as one of Robert Cialdini’s 6 principles of influence, alongside other principles like reciprocity, scarcity, liking, consistenc y and social proof.Perhaps the most shocking display of how far people can go in obedience to authority was a series of real life scam phone calls that have come to be known as the McDonald’s strip search hoax.Starting in 1992 and extending over a period of 12 years, a series of incidents were reported where a man claiming to be a police office would call rural restaurants and grocery stores and convince the managers that a female employee was suspected of theft.The “police officer” would then ask the managers to conduct a strip search on the employee and have the employee perform other bizarre acts. The managers believed they were acting on behalf of the police.The most famous of these incidents happened in a McDonald’s in Mount Washington, Kentucky. The caller asked the manager to perform a strip search on a female employee and even had a male employee brought into the room.Following the instructions of the caller, the manager even brought her fiancé to her office where t he female employee was being strip searched and had the fiancé assault the female employee sexually.While the man behind the calls was eventually apprehended and tried, the incidents show how people can go willing to perform acts that go against their better judgment in obedience to authority.HOW AUTHORITY IS USED TO PERSUADE IN DAILY LIFEYou might not be asked to administer electric shocks to an innocent stranger, and mysterious callers are not going to call you claiming to be police officers asking you to conduct strip searchers of your employees, but authority can still be used to persuade you to do things you might not ordinarily do or things that go against your better judgment.For instance, con artists rely on the principle of authority to swindle or defraud you. Most con artists are talented actors. The con artist pretends to be an authority on a certain subject, and because you are psychologically predisposed to trust and obey authority, you go along with their scams withou t questioning, only to later realize they have stolen from you.In the same way, marketers convince you to purchase their products and services by using the authority principle. They claim to be the leading authority in their fields or even hire actors to play as lawyers and doctors advising you to go for their products.One thing you need to realize about obedience to authority is that people are inclined to obey authority even when the authority is not real. For instance, in Milgram’s experiment, Milgram himself was not in the room during the experiment.Instead, he hired an actor to pretend to be the experimenter. By simply pretending to be an expert and donning a white lab coat, the actor was able to convince the subjects in the experiment that he was an authority figure, and majority of the subjects went along with the actor’s wishes.Therefore, before complying with instructions or requests by an authority figure, it is good to take a minute to ask yourself whether the person authority is genuine.According to Robert Cialdini, there are three symbols that people use to signify authority and therefore get you to comply with their wishes in the absence of genuine authority. The three symbols are:Titles: Regardless of the nature of titles, or whether they are authentic or not, titles make a person appear more competent and more authoritative. Therefore, when you notice a person throwing around titles such as Dr. CEO, Chairman, Prof, Founder, PhD, and so on when they want you to do something, you should treat it as red flag. They might be trying to play on the authority principle to get you to comply with them.Clothes: Clothes are also commonly used to signify authority. Many authoritative positions are usually associated with a certain kind of clothing â€" uniforms for police officers and fire fighters, religious outfits for religious leaders, executive suits for business executives, and so on. People can trigger your inclination to obey their requests by si mply donning clothes that imply authority, even the people themselves are not in a position of authority.For instance, in Milgram’s experiment, the experimenter (actor) signified authority by simply donning a white lab coat. Another research by Bickman (1974), also found that people were more likely to obey an actor dressed in a guard’s uniform than the same actor dressed as a milkman or in civilian clothing.Trappings: Authority can also be signified by the material goods and luxuries that are associated with positions of authority. Things such as nice cars, expensive suits, mansions, jewelry, and so on are associated with positions of power, and people might use them in order to signify authority, even when the authority is not authentic.HOW TO RESIST UNWANTED PRESSURE FROM AUTHORITYWe have seen that authority can be used to pressure us to do things that go against our personal conscience or better judgment, even when the authority is not genuine. Is it possible to resist these pressures?Fortunately, there are some actions you can take when you feel you are being pressured by authority to do something you do not want to. These include:Question the authority’s legitimacy: We have already seen above that people can imply authority using titles, clothes and trappings of authority, even when their authority is not genuine. If someone tries to use any of these symbols of authority to get you to do something, you should first find out whether their legitimacy is legitimate. For instance, if someone claiming to be an expert in something gives you some advice that does not make sense, don’t follow the advice blindly. Instead, do some research on your own and ascertain the legitimacy of what they are saying.Consider your own conscience: When someone asks you to do something, ask yourself if it is something you would do out of your own initiative. If not, it might be wise to stay away from whatever you are being asked to do.Don’t comply with instructions that make you feel uneasy, even when they appear to be minor: In Milgram’s experiment, the subjects started by delivering harmless amounts of electric shock, before moving on to levels that were dangerous for the subject. Similarly, in the McDonald’s strip search hoax, victims started by being asked to do something small, such as checking the suspect’s pockets, before it gradually escalated. Giving in to the smaller requests makes it easier for you to perform the huge and distractive acts. It can be hard to pull yourself from the authority’s grip, since doing so would mean that the initial actions you took were also wrong, thus creating cognitive dissonance.Look for support: If you are asked to perform actions that you feel are against fundamental standards of morality in a group, find someone who shares your concerns. It is easier to resist authority when there is more of you compared to when you’re dissenting alone. In one variation of Milgram’s experiments, the subject wa s placed into a three person teaching team where two of the teachers (confederates of the experimenter) refused to deliver shocks past a certain point. In this variation of the experiment, only 10% of the subjects went ahead to deliver the maximum shock.WRAPPING UPWhile obedience is a good thing and helps maintain order within society, blind obedience to authority can be catastrophic.The findings of Milgram’s experiments show that ordinary people with no malicious intent can become agents in a destructive process, not because of their personality, but because of the situation they find themselves in, and because authority has a stronger influence on obedience than personal conscience.With this in mind, it is important to be aware of how authority can be used to influence us and how to protect ourselves from the pressures of authority.The key takeaway is that, wherever you find yourself doing something because of the pressure from authority, you should take a step back and ask your self whether this is something you would actually do out of your own volition.

Causes and Effects of Chinese Mainland Student...

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Geoffrey Chaucers Use of Sarcasm to Describe His Characters

Geoffrey Chaucers use of sarcasm to describe his characters. Geoffrey Chaucer used sarcasm to describe his characters in The Canterbury Tales. It will point out details that are seen in the book that help explain how he used this sarcasm to prove a point and to teach life lessons sometimes. I will also point out how this sarcasm was aimed at telling the reader his point of view about how corrupt the Catholic Church was. Chaucer uses an abundance of sarcasm, as opposed to seriousness, to describe his characters in The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer did not begin working on The Canterbury Tales until he was in his early 40s. Chaucer took his narrative inspiration for his works from several sources but still remained an entirely†¦show more content†¦The sarcasm continues throughout the whole tale and is aimed at the corruption in the preacher. Chaucer wrote for and may have read his works aloud to a select audience of fellow courtiers and officials, which doubtless sometimes included members of the royal family. (Adams 2) So, as you see, he really didnt care who heard his opinions on the Church, even the royal family, and he was going to tell everybody exactly what he thought. Chaucer uses some sarcasm in The Man of Laws tale. Once upon a time a group of wise, sober, and honest traders lived in Syria. They exported spices, gold, satins, etc far and wide. It so happened that the leading traders of this prosperous group made up their minds to go to Rome for business purposes. (141) It came to pass, the masters of this sort decided to go to Rome for business or rather for sport. On their visit they stayed at the nearest inn. During their stay in Rome the Syrian traders came to know about the incredible beauty of Constance, the daughter of Roman Emperor Tiberius Constantinus. 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Using Argumentative Essay Topics about Slavery

Using Argumentative Essay Topics about Slavery The Principles of Argumentative Essay Topics about Slavery That You Will be Able to Benefit From Beginning Immediately The best thing about the civil war is it is fought for a fantastic cause like the abolishment of slavery. The idea of slavery is one which is not typical in cultures where the individuals are hunter-gathers. Some men too, became conscious of the bias. Key reasons or causes of civil war in the usa and the way that it came to a finish. As an example, something like George Washington was the first president of america, would not be a superior thesis for the reason that it states a reality. Furthermore, the ancestors of the slaves feel a whole lot of anger and resentment regardless of the passage of several years. Slavery is a word that brings about a whole lot of negative images to the majority of people. The conclusion of slavery isn't marked with one specific date, but using a lengthy procedure and chain of eve nts. The 30-Second Trick for Argumentative Essay Topics about Slavery Providing your thesis at the conclusion of your very first paragraph will help to guide your readers throughout the remainder of your essay. Writing an outline before beginning drafting your argumentative essay can help you to organize your information more effectively. Concluding an essay is the hardest portion of writing for lots of people, but nevertheless, it may make more sense if you comprehend the use of the conclusion. Quite simply, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news sites which just need a click. You can't research something when you haven't decided what exactly you're searching for. Preferably, it must be something that you're an expert in. There's always time to return and fix sentences so as to bring a mature, astute voice to your essay. Persuasive or argumentative essays are intended to convince the audience of someone's viewpoint about a specific topic. Topics for an argumentative essay is a sensitive issue which is certain to generate plenty of emotion on each side. The topics for argumentative essays are frequently quite self-explanatory they're common understanding. There are a few great topics to take into account when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. You should also make certain to put in your argumentative essay Ask for clarification. You select the topic we'll supply you with high-quality academic help. After you have the topic, answer the question and support your answer with three or more explanations for why you believe it. If you wish to choose nice and interesting American history essay topics, you should be conscious they ought to be specific and fairly narrow so that you're able to reflect on a particular problem or issue. Generally, argumentative essays require that you support the argument you're making using logic and support from your research. Most papers did not use the term in any respect. It is an impossible task to write a great history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about in any way. As you may believe that so as to create a fantastic original argumentative paper, you've got to devote all night studying, it is not accurate. Before you finish working on your essay, yo u will have to make sure you have cited all your sources utilizing the appropriate format. There are many steps that you should take to be able to compose an outstanding essay. You are able to learn to compose an argumentative essay by following some typical steps for writing an essay along with by doing some things which are needed for argumentative essays, including citing your sources. If you should create a descriptive essay within a broader writing prompt, you might want to find some insight about how to compose the other styles of essay writing. By abiding By the above-given hints you will readily realize an impactful argumentative essay. Just as with any other essay, you want to begin with an introduction. Remember your introduction should determine the principal idea of your argumentative essay and work as a preview to your essay. The very first and among the most important step to begin your essay is to select a topic. The Argumentative Essay Topics about Slavery Cover Up You might need to make distinct paragraphs or sections for the most crucial topics. It's possible for you to restate your argument, which is quite a common practice amongst essayists. Highlight and underline important passages so that you can readily arrive back to them. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies.

A Day In The Life Of Athens Essay Example For Students

A Day In The Life Of Athens Essay Welcome to Athens, the marvel of Greece! The city which is the fountainhead of beauty, wisdom and knowledge. Even as your ship approaches the Athenian Harbor Piraeus, you can see the marble monuments of the Acropolis and the Shining golden edge of the spear, which belongs to the gigantic statue of the goddess Pallas Athene. This is one of the greatest works of the sculptor Phidias, and symbolizes both the power and justice of the violet city as its contemporaries called it. Athenian women had virtually no political rights of any kind and were controlled by men at nearly every stage of their lives. The most important duties for a city dwelling woman were to bear children preferably male and to run the household. Duties of a rural woman included some of the agricultural work: the harvesting of olives and fruit was their responsibility. Since men spent most of their time away from their houses, women dominated Athenian home life. The wife was in charge of raising the children, spinning, weaving and sewing the familys clothes. She supervised the daily running of the household. In a totally slave based economy, plentiful numbers of female slaves were available to cook, clean, and carry water from the fountain. Only in the poorest homes was the wife expected to carry out all these duties by herself. A male slave?s responsibilities were for the most part limited to being doorkeeper and tutor to the male children. Athenian women had very limited freedom outside the home. They could attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of time. In their home, Athenian women were in charge! Their job was to run the house and to bear children. Most Athenian women did not do housework themselves. Most Athenian households had slaves. Female slaves cooked, cleaned, and worked i n the fields. Male slaves watched the door, to make sure no one came in when the man of the house was away, except for female neighbors, and acted as tutors to the young male children. Wives and daughters were not allowed to watch the Olympic Games as the participants in the games did not wear clothes. Chariot racing was the only game women could win, and only then if they owned the horse. If that horse won, they received the prize. . Women spent much of their time in the courtyard of the house, the one place where they could regularly enjoy fresh air. Athenian cooking equipment was small and light and could easily be set up there. In sunny weather, women sat in the roofed over areas of the courtyard, for the ideal in female beauty was a pale complexion. Women?s clothes underwent relatively few changes in style. Greek clothing was very simple. Men and women wore linen in the summer and wool in the winter. The ancient Greeks could buy cloth and clothes in the agora, the marketplace, but that was expensive. Most families made their own clothes, which were simple tunics and warm cloaks, made of linen or wool, dyed a bright color, or bleached white. Clothes were made by the mother, her daughters, and female slaves. They were often decorated to represent the city-state in which they lived. The two most commonly worn garments were the chiton or tunic and the himation or cloak. The chiton came in two styles. Its earlier Doric version, preferred by Athenian women until the end of the 6th century BC, was called the peplos and was made of wool. Cut into a simple rectangle measuring half again the height of the person wearing it, it was folded over, wrapped around the body, and pinned at the shoulders and side. It was sleeveless, with large arm openings. Expensive versions were decorated with elaborate woven figures or designs. The Ionian chiton was made of linen that fell into more elaborate vertical folds than its heavier wool counterpart. The sides were sewn up to create a long cylinder, which was then caught, by a girdle or cord at the waist. Short sleeves were added to the sides. .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b , .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .postImageUrl , .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b , .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:hover , .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:visited , .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:active { border:0!important; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:active , .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udaf946ccb9cc363c547dd0c4628d447b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tornados EssayAthenian houses, in the 6th and 5th century B.C., were made up of two or three rooms, built around an open air courtyard, built of stone, wood, or clay bricks. Larger homes might also have a kitchen, a room for bathing, a mens dining room, and perhaps a womans sitting area. Much of ancient Athenian family life centered around the courtyard. The ancient Athenians loved stories and fables. One favorite family activity was to gather in the courtyard to hear these stories, told by the mother or father. In their courtyard, Greek women might relax, chat, and sew. Most meals were enjoyed in the courtyard. Greek cooking equipment was small and light and could easily be set up there. Along the coastline, the soil was not very fertile, but the ancient Greeks used systems of irrigation and crop rotation to help solve that problem. They grew olives, grapes, and figs. They kept goats, for milk and cheese. In the plains, where the soil was richer, they also grew wheat to make bread. Fish, seafood, and homemade wine were very popular food items. In some of the larger Greek city-states, meat could be purchased in cook shops. Meat was rarely eaten, and was used mostly for religious sacrifices. In ancient Athens, the purpose of education was to produce citizens trained in the arts, to prepare citizens for both peace and war. Girls were n ot educated at school, but many learned to read and write at home, in the comfort of their courtyard. Until age 6 or 7, boys were taught at home by their mother or by a male slave. From age 6 to 14, they went to a neighborhood primary school or to a private school. Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read out-loud, and the boys had to memorize everything. To help them learn, they used writing tablets and rulers. In primary school, they had to learn two important things the words of Homer, a famous Greek epic poet, and how to play the lyre, a musical instrument. Their teacher, who was always a man, could choose what additional subjects he wanted to teach. He might choose to teach drama, public speaking, government, art, reading, writing, math, and another favorite ancient Greek instrument the flute. Following that, boys attended a higher school for four more years. When they turned 18, they entered military school for two additional years. At age 20, they graduated. Athens! Probably no other place has seen such a constellation of geniuses in so many fields of human endeavor. It was the Greeks who invented politics, science, philosophy, theater, and sports as distinct and meaningful human pursuits. And in Athens, all of these, together with poetry, art, and music reached their creative peaks. The cradle of democracy, Athens remains in many respects the model of fair governmentHistory Essays